Carbon Offsets with Forest Conservation Projects
Global warming is reported to be the consistent and persistent warming trend that scientists have observed over the last century with rising concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere.
Since 1900, concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere have increased from 290 to 386 parts per million (ppm) – an unprecedented rise (UNEP 2008). Deforestation accounts for 20-25% of Green House Gas emissions. It is estimated that 1 football field of primary forest is cut every second.
Regardless of your stance on "global warming", this is not a healthy rate of forest decline. Loss of trees directly effects the climate through shifting rain patterns. Additionally, forests help prevent flash flooding, topsoil erosion, and they are vital habitats for many creatures. One positive aspect of a market-based Cap and Trade is that it makes it profitable to protect forests with Carbon Forest Projects.
As documented by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the increases in CO2 concentrations may be due primarily to human activity in the form of deforestation, raising livestock, and burning of fossil fuels, including petroleum, natural gas, and coal. The increased concentration of CO2 will likely cause temperatures to rise 2 – 11.5 degrees (F) and sea levels to rise by up to two feet in the next century (IPCC 2007).
Due to these concerns, the 1997 UN environmental treaty Kyoto Protocol, ratified by over 190 parties, provided the framework for reducing global emissions from Green House Gases. The new U.S. Climate Change Legislation, House Resolution HR 2454, the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009, passed the house on June 26th and is expected to be debated this fall. Furthermore, the UN Copenhagen Climate Change Conference is set for this December and will build on the Kyoto Protocol and is expected to be ratified by the U.S. and other countries that were previous dissenters.
The UN has developed standards and protocols under the Clean Development Mechanism as a guideline for producing certified carbon offset projects in developing countries. This has spurred huge investments by India and China (technically developing countries) into clean projects. In fact, China is by far the largest investor in such projects which may lead to their eventual agreement to a global Cap and Trade system.
With climate change now widely accepted a market-based Cap and Trade system has been developed to deal with Green House Gas (GHG) by placing value on carbon emissions. Emission reduction credits, more generally known as carbon offset credits, are measured as 1 ton of carbon dioxide (CO2). GHG polluters must adhere to a CO “cap” or purchase emission reduction credits to meet their excesses. Sustainable projects, like Forest Carbon Projects, produce these certified credits through carbon sequestering or prevention, which GFF then can “trade.”
Carbon credits are already traded as a commodity on established markets such as the European Climate Exchange and the Chicago Climate Exchange, as well as through voluntary retail organizations like CarbonFund.org. Forestry credits traded for around $10 in the global marketplace that traded 123.4 million metric tons of CO2 in 2008.
Clean development currently represents the only undeniable growth sector in global business. Large financial institutions have already invested heavily in carbon trading infrastructure in anticipation of mandatory Cap and Trade legislation in the United States. “Managing emissions has become one of the fastest-growing specialties in financial services. Their goal is a slice of a market now worth about $30 billion and could grow to $1 trillion within a decade.” (James Kanter, New York Times).
The objective of a Forest Carbon Project is to optimize the natural carbon sequestration of the land, defined as a project action, or set of actions, to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions/remove GHGs from the atmosphere by conserving and/or increasing forest carbon stocks in a defined geographical area. Some of the other biodiversity benefits from forest carbon projects are reduced soil erosion, enhanced watershed, and increased animal habitat.
The average wholesale price for buyers of carbon offsets on the voluntary offset market was $7.38/MTCO2 in 2008. Generally speaking, the price of carbon offsets follows the principles of free market economics: supply and demand. If demand for a certain project type or a project input is high, the price of that project will go up. In addition, the price of offsets depends on other factors, including: the vintage year of the carbon credit (i.e. there is more risk associated with a 2020 delivery than 2009 delivery), the project sector (i.e., energy efficiency vs. forestry), location, pending governmental regulation, and the standard by which the project was certified.
Reforestation offsets typically have more value than other projects because the implementation costs for the same value in carbon emissions reductions are typically higher. The unique costs associated with a reforestation project are the costs of land acquisition, planting, long-term monitoring, and insurance. Besides the now viable profitability of forest carbon projects, the co-benefits can include community development, biodiversity, and water and soil restoration.
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